Resource: Picturing Smart Growth

Sarah Kuck — Wed, 28 Jan 2009 01:15:19 +0000

The sound of traffic, the smell of exhaust, the sight of strip malls, gas stations and fast-food chains; your senses tell you that you’re standing at the busy intersection of a city suburb. But as you look out at the concrete scatter and toxic sprawl, what you might not so readily see is that you’re also standing at a metaphorical crossroads – where one road leads to more of the same, and the other toward the opportunity to transform the space around you.

A new tool from the Natural Resources Defense Council called Picturing Smart Growth is helping us to imagine what this transformation might look like. Time-lapse photography allows users to watch the "before" "during" and "after" scenes unfold as actual American neighborhoods transition from bland suburban development to inviting, walkable streetscapes.

Smart Growth is a school of thought that challenges the avenue of thought that leads to more of the same, car-centric planning and development that engenders wasteful sprawl. Advocates of smart growth promote the idea of compact cities, a new urbanism that champions walkability, affordability, sustainable technology and density.

With the help of its partners at Urban Advantage, the NRDC presents a series of chronological images representing the Smart Growth transformations that took place at 70 locations across the United States. Each set illustrates how local communities implemented solutions like public parks, bicycle networks, infill and mixed use development to help their cities become more sustainable, beautiful and useful.

The interactive webtool is designed to educate environmentalists, developers, planners and community members about what Smart Growth and development might look like. Kaid Benfield, director of the NRDC’s smart growth program, said that they created the site to inform but also to challenge conventional -- and sometimes misguided -- beliefs about development.

“People are fearful of development, instinctually suspicious,” Benfield said. “We wanted to raise the level of sophistication, to move to terms like "good" and "not-so-good" development, instead of development versus no development.”

Many environmentalists have opposed the idea of development altogether, rejecting it because of its encroachment upon natural or historic areas. Although their sentiments are understandable, Benfield said, it’s not responsible to say no to development because growth is happening. We need to take on that responsibility and make sustainable development decisions.

Benfield said that he hopes that Picturing Smart Growth can help visually communicate the pieces that make up a sustainable neighborhood: green buildings, transit-oriented development, affordable housing and walkable streets. The tool's creators hope that it will help developers and planners present new possibilities to their audiences, and provide citizens with information that they can take to their planning boards and elected officials, and raise their collective understanding of how Smart Growth projects can transform public spaces.

“Visual images communicate so much better than trying to describe mixed use or a what a certain amount of density looks like,” Benfield said. “It’s much easier to communicate with pictures. And by going step by step we can help people understand which particular features make places more sustainable. One step at a time you can see what the components of a sustainable neighborhood are.”

Image credits: Flickr/Steve Brandon, Picturing Smart Growth

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(Posted by Sarah Kuck in Resource - Cities at 5:15 PM)

The Geography of America’s Carbon Footprint

Sarah Kuck — Thu, 29 May 2008 20:07:09 +0000

When it comes to decreasing your carbon footprint, it may be better to change your location than to trade in your SUV. Although the more than two-thirds of Americans living in metro areas account for most of the greenhouse gas emissions, they are also more capable to use and support systems that can greatly shrink their carbon footprints.

A recent report from the Brookings Institution confirms that the carbon footprints of metro area residents are 14 percent smaller than the average American’s. As the study shows, this mostly has to do with development patterns. (We've comment on patterns such as density and rail transit before.)

The Institution recently released a report that quantifies the carbon footprint for the nation’s 100 largest metro areas based on fuels used by vehicles (personal and freight) and the energy used in residential buildings.“Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America” shows that metro areas with ‘high density, compact development and rail transit offer more energy and carbon efficient lifestyles that their sprawling, auto-centric’ counter parts.

CITY LIFE
The report’s partial carbon footprint analysis (partial because they did not include emissions from commercial buildings, industry, or non-highway transportation) also found that metro area residents are increasing their carbon emissions more slowly than the average American.

“The population of the 100 metro areas grew by only 6.3 percent. As a result, the average per capita footprint of the 100 metro areas grew by only 1.1 percent during the five-year period, while the U.S. partial carbon footprint increased twice as rapidly (by 2.2 percent) during this same timeframe.”

The report also illustrates the variations between the metro areas themselves:

SMALLEST CARBON FOOTPRINTS
Per capita carbon emissions from transportation and residential energy use, 2005
Rank, Metropolitan Area, Carbon Footprint (metric tons)
1. Honolulu, HI, 1.356
2. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA, 1.413
3. Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA , 1.446
4. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA, 1.495
5. Boise City-Nampa, ID, 1.507
6. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA , 1.556
7. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA , 1.573
8. San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA , 1.585
9. El Paso, TX , 1.613
10. San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA , 1.630

LARGEST CARBON FOOTPRINTS
Per capita carbon emissions from transportation and residential energy use, 2005
Rank, Metropolitan Area, Carbon Footprint (metric tons)
90. Tulsa, OK, 3.124
91. Knoxville, TN, 3.134
92. Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA, 3.190
93. Oklahoma City, OK, 3.204
94. St. Louis, MO-IL , 3.217
95. Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN, 3.222
96. Louisville, KY-IN, 3.233
97. Toledo, OH , 3.240
98. Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN, 3.281
99. Indianapolis, IN, 3.364
100. Lexington-Fayette, KY, 3.455

As you can see, Lexington's footprint is almost double that of Honolulu's. The Intitution hopes that ranking metro areas like this will help cities learn from each other and work together to decrease carbon emissions.

See thethe complete list of 100 metros' carbon footprints.

The Geography of America’s Carbon Footprint
The study shows that per capita emissions vary widely by city, depending mostly on the availability of density and rail transit options. So dense areas like New York and Los Angeles actually have smaller footprints per capita than areas like Nashville and Oklahoma City, which are less compact.

Also factoring into footprint size as is where the city gets its energy from (coal versus hydropower, for example), the price of that energy (when prices are lower, consumption is higher), and weather (much energy is put into air conditioning and water heating).

As the chart below shows, carbon footprints are much larger in the East and South because of these factors. Hydropower helps areas like Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue keep their carbon footprint small, as do moderate temperatures and high fossil fuel prices.

A FEDERAL PRO-METRO PORTFOLIO
The study concludes that although local and regional governments are stepping up to meet the challenge of decreasing carbon emissions, where we really need to see leadership and policy is at the federal level.

“To improve the carbon efficiency of the wider economy, the report urges that Washington put a price on carbon; increase investment in energy research and development; establish a national renewable electricity standard; help states reform their electricity regulations; and improve information collection on emissions and energy consumption."

To help metro areas reduce demand for energy consumption the study recommends that the federal government empower states and metro areas to:

• Expand transit and compact development options
• Engage in regional freight planning to introduce more energy-efficient freight operations
• Stimulate energy efficient retrofitting
• Incentivize location efficient housing decisions
• Issue a metropolitan challenge to develop innovative solutions that integrate land use, transportation, energy, and other areas

“Altogether, a federal pro-metropolitan portfolio of carbon policies could place metropolitan America at the forefront of problem-solving on the nation’s energy and climate challenges.”

I think mapping out our carbon crisis will help us see what's working and where. Hopefully this information can help us continue the conversation in ways that encourage us work together to find the best solutions.

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(Posted by Sarah Kuck in Resource - Cities at 12:07 PM)

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Resource: Picturing Smart Growth

The Geography of America’s Carbon Footprint